An integrated framework for structural geology / Wojtal Steven  

Public ISBD Titre : An integrated framework for structural geology : Kinematics,dynamics,and rheology of deformed rocks Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Wojtal Steven, Auteur ; Tom Blenkinsop, Auteur ; Basil Tikoff, Auteur Editeur : [S.l.] : Wiley Année de publication : 2022 Importance : 580p. Présentation : ill. Format : 23.5cmx 19cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-1-4051-0684-9 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : 551 Géologie, météorologie, hydrologie générale Résumé : . -An Integrated Framework for Structural Geology: Kinematics, Dynamics, and Rheology of Deformed Rocks builds a framework for structural geology from geometrical description, kinematic analysis, dynamic evolution, and rheological investigation of deformed rocks. The unique approach taken by the book is to integrate these principles of continuum mechanics with the description of rock microstructures and inferences about deformation mechanisms. Field, theoretical and laboratory approaches to structural geology are all considered, including the application of rock mechanics experiments to nature. -Readers will also find: -Three case studies that illustrate how the framework can be applied to deformation at different levels in the crust and in an applied structural geology context Hundreds of detailed, two-color illustrations of exceptional clarity, as well as many microstructural and field photographs The quantitative basis of structural geology delivered through clear mathematics -Written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in geology, An Integrated Framework for Structural Geology will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing geologists with an interest in a one-stop resource on structural geology. Note de contenu : . Table of contents Acknowledgements xvii Website xix 1 A Framework for Structural Geology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Deformation 1 1.1.2 Empirical vs. Theoretical Approaches 1 1.1.3 Continuum Mechanics and its Applicability to Structural Geology 6 1.1.4 How to use this Book 6 References 8 2 Structures Produced by Deformation 10 2.1 Geological Structures 10 2.1.1 Structural Fabrics 10 2.1.2 Folds and Boudinage 12 2.1.3 Fractures and Stylolites 15 2.1.4 Faults and Fault Zones 17 2.1.5 Shear Zones 22 2.2 Additional Considerations 25 3 Microstructures 26 3.1 Introduction 26 3.1.1 Overview 26 3.1.2 Framework 27 3.1.3 Imaging of Microstructures 27 3.2 Fractures 28 3.3 Fault Rocks 30 3.4 Overgrowths, Pressure Shadows and Fringes, and Veins 33 3.5 Indenting, Truncating and Interpenetrating Grain Contacts, Strain Caps, and Stylolites 37 3.6 Aligned Grain Boundaries, T Grain Boundaries, and Foam Texture 38 3.7 Undulose Extinction, Subgrains, Deformation and Kink Bands, Deformation Lamellae, Grain Boundary Bulges, and Core-and-Mantle Microstructure 4 3.8 Deformation Twins 43 3.9 Grain Shape Fabrics, Ribbon Grains, and Gneissic Banding 43 3.10 Porphyroblasts 47 3.11 Crystallographic Fabrics (Crystallographic Preferred Orientations) 49 3.12 Shear Sense Indicators, Mylonites, and Porphyroclasts 49 3.12.1 Asymmetric Pressure Shadows and Fringes 53 3.12.2 Foliation Obliquity and Curvature 55 3.12.3 SC, SC′, and SCC′ Fabrics 55 3.12.4 Porphyroclast Systems 56 3.12.5 Precautions with Shear Sense Determination 59 3.13 Collecting Oriented Samples and Relating Sample to Geographic Frames of Reference 60 References 65 4 Displacements 66 4.1 Overview 66 4.2 Chapter Organization 66 4A Displacements: Conceptual Foundation 67 4A.1 Specifying Displacements or Individual Particles 67 4A.1.1 Basic Ideas 67 4A.1.2 Geological Example 69 4A.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 70 4A.2.1 Particle Paths 70 4A.2.2 Velocities 71 4A.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 74 4A.3.1 Displacement Fields 74 4A.3.2 Uniform vs. Nonuniform and Distributed vs. Discrete Displacement Fields 76 4A.3.3 Classes of Displacement Fields 77 4A.4 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 79 4A.5 Idealized, Two-Dimensional Displacement Fields 85 4A.5.1 Simple Shear 87 4A.5.2 Pure Shear 88 4A.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 89 4A.7 Summary 90 4B Displacements: Comprehensive Treatment 90 4B.1 Specifying Displacements for Individual Particles 90 4B.1.1 Defining Vector Quantities 90 4B.1.2 Types of Vectors 92 4B.1.3 Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 94 4B.1.4 Characterizing Vector Quantities 95 4B.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 97 4B.2.1 Incremental Displacements for Particles 97 4B.2.2 Particle Paths and Movement Histories 98 4b.2.3 Dated Particle Paths, Instantaneous Movement Directions, and Velocities 99 4B.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 101 4B.3.1 Concept of a Displacement Field 101 4B.3.2 Field Quantities 103 4b.3.3 Gradients of the Displacement Field: Discrete and Distributed Deformation 103 4B.3.4 Idealized Versus True Gradients of the Displacement Field 104 4B.4 The Displacement Gradient Tensor – Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 106 4b.4.1 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 107 4B.4.2 Translation Displacement Fields 107 4B.4.3 Rigid Rotation Displacement Fields 107 4B.4.4 Pure Strain Displacement Fields 109 4B.4.5 Total Displacement Fields 110 4b.4.6 Using Displacement Gradient Matrices to Represent Displacement Fields 110 4B.5 Idealized, Two- dimensional Displacement Fields 111 4B.5.1 Simple Shear Displacement Fields 111 4B.5.2 Uniaxial Convergence or Uniaxial Divergence Displacement Fields 113 4B.5.3 Pure Shear Displacement Fields 115 4B.5.4 General Shear Displacement Fields 117 4B.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 117 4B.6.1 Three-Dimensional Simple Shear Displacement Fields 119 4b.6.2 Three-Dimensional Orthogonal Convergence and Divergence Displacement Fields 121 4B.6.3 Pure Shearing Displacement Fields 121 4B.6.4 Constrictional Displacement Fields 122 4B.6.5 Flattening Displacement Fields 123 4B.6.6 Three-Dimensional General Shearing Displacement Fields 124 4B.7 Summary 124 Appendix 4-I: Vectors 124 4-I.1 Simple Mathematical Operations with Vectors 124 4-I.2 Vector Magnitudes 126 4-I.3 Properties of Vector Quantities 126 4-I.4 Relating Magnitude and Orientation to Cartesian Coordinates 127 4-I.5 Vector Products 129 Appendix 4-II: Matrix Operations 130 4-II.1 Defining Matrices 130 4-II.2 Matrix Addition and Subtraction 130 4-II.3 Matrix Multiplication 131 4-II.3.1 Multiplying Two “2 × 2” Matrices 132 4-II.3.2 Multiplying Two “3 × 3” Matrices 132 4-II.3.3 Multiplying a 2 × 2 Matrix Times a 2 × 1 Matrix 133 4-II.3.4 Multiplying a 3 × 3 Matrix Times a 3 × 1 Matrix 133 4-II.3.5 Scalar Multiplication 134 4-II.4 Transpose of a Matrix 134 4-II.5 Determinant of a Square Matrix 135 4-II.6 Inverse of a Square Matrix 135 4-II.7 Rotation Matrices 136 References 137 5 Strain 138 5.1 Overview 138 5.2 Chapter Organization 139 5A Strain: Conceptual Foundation 139 5A.1 Specifying Strain in Deformed Rocks 139 5A.2 One-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 141 5A.2.1 Basic Ideas 141 5A.2.2 Geological Example 142 5A.3 Two-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 143 5A.3.1 Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 143 5A.3.2 Shear Strain 147 5A.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 151 5A.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Strain 153 5A.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 154 5A.6.1 Finite Strain Ellipse 154 5A.6.2 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 159 5A.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 163 5A.7.1 States of Strain 163 5A.7.2 Strain Paths and Dated Strain Paths 163 5A.7.3 Coaxial Versus Non-Coaxial Strain Paths 164 5A.8 Instantaneous Strains and Strain Rates 166 5A.9 Infinitesimal Strains 166 5A.10 Summary 167 5A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Strain 167 5A.11.1 Using Fabrics to Estimate Strain Ellipsoid Shape 167 5A.11.2 Types of Methods for Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions 168 5A.11.3 Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions Using Deformed Markers 169 5B Strain: Comprehensive Treatment 176 5B.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 176 5B.4.1 Longitudinal Strains and Displacement Gradients 177 5B.4.2 Longitudinal Strains and Position Gradients 179 5B.4.3 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients 179 5B.4.4 Longitudinal Strain in Continuous Deformation 179 5B.4.5 Consequences of Longitudinal Strains 181 5B.4.6 Displacement Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 182 5B.4.7 Position Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 184 5B.4.8 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients in Two Dimensions 185 5B.4.9 Area Ratios in Two-Dimensional Deformation 186 5B.4.10 Discontinuous Deformation in Two Dimensions 186 5B.4.11 Displacement Gradients and Shear Strains 187 5B.4.12 Shear Strains and Position Gradients 188 5B.4.13 Applying Matrix Algebra to Two-dimensional Deformation 188 5B.4.14 Applying Matrix Algebra to Three-dimensional Deformation 195 5B.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Deformation 197 5B.5.1 Homogeneous Deformation 197 5B.5.2 Inhomogeneous Deformation 198 5B.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 200 5B.6.1 Homogeneous Deformations and the Finite Strain Ellipse 200 5B.6.2 Working with Strain Markers 200 5B.6.3 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 205 5B.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 205 5B.7.1 States of Strain 205 5B.7.2 Strain Paths 206 5B.7.3 Velocity Gradient Tensor and Decomposition 207 5B.8 Vorticity 210 5B.8.1 Vorticity Vector 211 5B.8.2 Kinematic Vorticity Number 213 5B.9 Summary 213 Appendix 5-I 214 References 216 6 Stress 217 6.1 Overview 217 6A Stress: Conceptual Foundation 218 6A.1 Forces, Tractions, and Stress 220 6A.1.1 Accelerations and the Forces that Act on Objects 220 6A.1.2 Forces Transmitted Through Objects 221 6A.1.3 Traction – A Measure of “Force Intensity” within Objects 221 6A.1.4 Stress 223 6A.2 Characteristics of Stress in Two Dimensions 225 6A.2.1 Normal and Tangential Stress Components 225 6A.2.2 Stresses on Planes with Different Orientations 227 6A.2.3 Principal Stresses and Differential Stress 227 6A.2.4 The Fundamental Stress Equations 231 6A.3 State of Stress in Two Dimensions 233 6A.3.1 The Stress Matrix 233 6A.3.2 The Stress Ellipse 234 6A.3.3 The Mohr circle 235 6A.3.4 Hydrostatic vs. Non-hydrostatic Stress 246 6A.3.5 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Stress 248 6A.4 Stress in Three Dimensions 248 6A.4.1 The Stress Ellipsoid 251 6A.4.2 Hydrostatic, Lithostatic, and Deviatoric Stresses 251 6A.5 Pore-fluid Pressure and Effective Stress 253 6A.6 Three-dimensional States of Stress 254 6A.7 The State of Stress in Earth 255 6A.8 Change of Stress: Paleostress, Path, and History 256 6A.9 Comparison of Displacements, Strain and Stress 257 6A.10 Summary 259 6A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Stress 261 6A.11.1 In situ Stress Measurements 261 6A.11.2 Paleostress 268 6B Stress: Comprehensive Treatment 272 6B.1 Force, Traction, and Stress Vectors 272 6B.1.1 Accelerations and Forces 272 6B.1.2 Traction or Stress Vectors 273 6b.1.3 Relating Traction or Stress Vector Components in Different Coordinate Frames 274 6B.1.4 Stress Transformation Law in Two Dimensions and the Mohr Circle 277 6b.1.5 Stress Transformation Law in Three Dimensions and the Mohr Diagram 279 6B.1.6 An Alternative Way to Define Traction or Stress Vectors 281 6B.1.7 Determining Stress Principal Directions and Magnitudes 282 6B.1.8 Stress Invariants 284 6B.1.9 Spatial Variation in Stress 285 Appendix 6-I 289 References 291 7 Rheology 292 7.1 Overview 292 7A Rheology: Conceptual Foundation 293 7A.1 Moving Beyond Equilibrium 293 7A.1.1 Conducting and Interpreting Deformation Experiments 294 7A.1.2 Recoverable Deformation versus Material Failure 297 7A.1.3 Moving from Deformation Experiments to Mathematical Relations 301 7A.2 Models of Rock Deformation 303 7A.2.1 Elastic Behavior 303 7A.2.2 Criteria for Fracture or Fault Formation 308 7A.2.3 Yield and Creep 321 7A.2.4 Viscous Behavior 322 7A.2.5 Plastic Behavior 322 7A.2.6 Constitutive Equations for Viscous Creep and Plastic Yield 324 7A.3 Summary 327 7B Rheology: Comprehensive Treatment 328 7B.1 Combining Deformation Models to Describe Rock Properties 328 7B.2 Rock Deformation Modes 332 7B.2.1 Elasticity 332 7B.2.2 Fracture or Fault Formation 337 7B.2.3 Differential Stress, Pore Fluid Pressure, and Failure Mode 356 7B.2.4 Yield and Creep 359 7B.2.5 Viscous Behavior 360 7B.2.6 Plastic Behavior 363 7B.2.7 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 363 References 364 8 Deformation Mechanisms 367 8.1 Overview 367 8A Deformation Mechanisms: Conceptual Foundation 370 8A.1 Elastic Distortion 371 8A.2 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 373 8A.2.1 Fracture of Geological Materials 373 8A.2.2 Frictional Sliding 376 8A.2.3 Microstructures Associated with Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding 380 8A.2.4 Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding as a Deformation Mechanism 380 8A.3 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 380 8A.3.1 Diffusion 380 8A.3.2 Grain Shape Change by Diffusion 385 8A.3.3 Microstructures Associated with Diffusional Mass Transfer 387 8A.3.4 Diffusional Mass Transfer as a Deformation Mechanism 390 8a.3.5 Flow Laws for Three Diffusional Mass Transfer Deformation Mechanisms 391 8A.4 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 393 8A.4.1 Dislocations as Elements of Lattice Distortion 39 8A.4.2 Dislocation Interactions 403 8A.4.3 Recovery and Recrystallization 405 8a.4.4 Microstructures Indicative of Dislocation- Accommodated Deformation 409 8A.4.5 Dislocation Glide: A Deformation Mechanism 414 8A.4.6 Flow Law for Dislocation Glide 415 8A.4.7 Dislocation Creep: A Deformation Mechanism 415 8A.4.8 Flow Law for Dislocation Creep 415 8A.4.9 Other Lattice Deformation Processes – Twinning and Kinking 416 8A.5 Diffusion- and/or Dislocation-Accommodated Grain Boundary Sliding 418 8A.6 Deformation Mechanism Maps 419 8A.7 Summary 422 8B Deformation Mechanisms: Comprehensive Treatment 423 8B.1 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 423 8B.1.1 Joints, Fractures, and Mesoscopic Faults 423 8B1.2 Fault Zones 431 8B.2 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 448 8B.2.1 Diffusional Mass Transfer Structures 448 8B.2.2 Understanding Diffusion Through Crystalline Materials 453 8B.2.3 The Effect of Differential Stress 455 8B.2.4 Flow Laws for Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 456 8B.2.5 Paths of Rapid Diffusion – Dislocations and Grain Boundaries 458 8B.2.6 The Effect of Fluid Phases Along Grain Boundaries 459 8B.3 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 460 8B.3.1 Origin of Dislocations 460 8B.3.2 Dislocation Movement 461 8B.3.3 Dislocation Interactions 467 8B.3.4 Stresses Associated with Dislocations 470 8B.3.5 Strains Accommodated by the Glide of Dislocations 470 8B.3.6 Constitutive Equations for Dislocation Creep 473 8B.3.7 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Dislocation Creep Regimes 475 8B.3.8 Twinning and Kinking 477 8B.4 Grain Boundary Sliding and Superplasticity 482 Appendix 8-I 484 Appendix 8-II 486 References 487 9 Case Studies of Deformation and Rheology 496 9.1 Overview 496 9.2 Integrating Structural Geology and Geochronology: Ruby Gap Duplex, Redbank Thrust Zone, Australia 497 9.2.1 Geological Setting and Deformation Character 497 9.2.2 Microstructures and Deformation Mechanisms 502 9.2.3 Rheological Analysis Using Microstructures by Comparison to Experimental Deformation 508 9.2.4 Geochronology 508 9.2.5 Evaluating Displacement Through Time 510 9.2.6 Orogenic Development Through Time 512 9.2.7 Summarizing Deformation in the Ruby Gap Duplex 512 9.3 The Interplay of Deformation Mechanisms and Rheologies in the Mid-Crust: Copper Creek Thrust Sheet, Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Tennessee, United States 514 9.3.1 Introduction 514 9.3.2 General Characteristics of the Southern Appalachian Fold-Thrust Belt 514 9.3.3 Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 518 9.3.4 Summarizing Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 534 9.4 Induced Seismicity 535 9.4.1 Overview of Induced Seismicity 535 9.4.2 Earthquakes in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa 536 9.4.3 Basel, Switzerland 539 9.4.4 Blackpool, United Kingdom 540 9.4.5 Oklahoma, United States 543 9.4.6 Koyna and Warna, India 545 9.4.7 A Framework for Understanding Induced Seismicity 549 9.5 Using Case Studies to Assess Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556 9.5.1 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556 9.5.2 Comparing Stress Magnitudes Inferred from the Case Studies to Lithospheric Strength Profiles 562 9.5.3 Recap 564 9.6 Broader Horizons 565 References 566 Index 573 En ligne : https://media.wiley.com/product_data/coverImage300/40/14051068/1405106840.jpg An integrated framework for structural geology : Kinematics,dynamics,and rheology of deformed rocks [texte imprimé] / Wojtal Steven, Auteur ; Tom Blenkinsop, Auteur ; Basil Tikoff, Auteur . - [S.l.] : [S.l.] : Wiley, 2022 . - 580p. : ill. ; 23.5cmx 19cm. ISBN : 978-1-4051-0684-9 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : 551 Géologie, météorologie, hydrologie générale Résumé : . -An Integrated Framework for Structural Geology: Kinematics, Dynamics, and Rheology of Deformed Rocks builds a framework for structural geology from geometrical description, kinematic analysis, dynamic evolution, and rheological investigation of deformed rocks. The unique approach taken by the book is to integrate these principles of continuum mechanics with the description of rock microstructures and inferences about deformation mechanisms. Field, theoretical and laboratory approaches to structural geology are all considered, including the application of rock mechanics experiments to nature. -Readers will also find: -Three case studies that illustrate how the framework can be applied to deformation at different levels in the crust and in an applied structural geology context Hundreds of detailed, two-color illustrations of exceptional clarity, as well as many microstructural and field photographs The quantitative basis of structural geology delivered through clear mathematics -Written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in geology, An Integrated Framework for Structural Geology will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing geologists with an interest in a one-stop resource on structural geology. Note de contenu : . Table of contents Acknowledgements xvii Website xix 1 A Framework for Structural Geology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Deformation 1 1.1.2 Empirical vs. Theoretical Approaches 1 1.1.3 Continuum Mechanics and its Applicability to Structural Geology 6 1.1.4 How to use this Book 6 References 8 2 Structures Produced by Deformation 10 2.1 Geological Structures 10 2.1.1 Structural Fabrics 10 2.1.2 Folds and Boudinage 12 2.1.3 Fractures and Stylolites 15 2.1.4 Faults and Fault Zones 17 2.1.5 Shear Zones 22 2.2 Additional Considerations 25 3 Microstructures 26 3.1 Introduction 26 3.1.1 Overview 26 3.1.2 Framework 27 3.1.3 Imaging of Microstructures 27 3.2 Fractures 28 3.3 Fault Rocks 30 3.4 Overgrowths, Pressure Shadows and Fringes, and Veins 33 3.5 Indenting, Truncating and Interpenetrating Grain Contacts, Strain Caps, and Stylolites 37 3.6 Aligned Grain Boundaries, T Grain Boundaries, and Foam Texture 38 3.7 Undulose Extinction, Subgrains, Deformation and Kink Bands, Deformation Lamellae, Grain Boundary Bulges, and Core-and-Mantle Microstructure 4 3.8 Deformation Twins 43 3.9 Grain Shape Fabrics, Ribbon Grains, and Gneissic Banding 43 3.10 Porphyroblasts 47 3.11 Crystallographic Fabrics (Crystallographic Preferred Orientations) 49 3.12 Shear Sense Indicators, Mylonites, and Porphyroclasts 49 3.12.1 Asymmetric Pressure Shadows and Fringes 53 3.12.2 Foliation Obliquity and Curvature 55 3.12.3 SC, SC′, and SCC′ Fabrics 55 3.12.4 Porphyroclast Systems 56 3.12.5 Precautions with Shear Sense Determination 59 3.13 Collecting Oriented Samples and Relating Sample to Geographic Frames of Reference 60 References 65 4 Displacements 66 4.1 Overview 66 4.2 Chapter Organization 66 4A Displacements: Conceptual Foundation 67 4A.1 Specifying Displacements or Individual Particles 67 4A.1.1 Basic Ideas 67 4A.1.2 Geological Example 69 4A.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 70 4A.2.1 Particle Paths 70 4A.2.2 Velocities 71 4A.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 74 4A.3.1 Displacement Fields 74 4A.3.2 Uniform vs. Nonuniform and Distributed vs. Discrete Displacement Fields 76 4A.3.3 Classes of Displacement Fields 77 4A.4 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 79 4A.5 Idealized, Two-Dimensional Displacement Fields 85 4A.5.1 Simple Shear 87 4A.5.2 Pure Shear 88 4A.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 89 4A.7 Summary 90 4B Displacements: Comprehensive Treatment 90 4B.1 Specifying Displacements for Individual Particles 90 4B.1.1 Defining Vector Quantities 90 4B.1.2 Types of Vectors 92 4B.1.3 Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 94 4B.1.4 Characterizing Vector Quantities 95 4B.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 97 4B.2.1 Incremental Displacements for Particles 97 4B.2.2 Particle Paths and Movement Histories 98 4b.2.3 Dated Particle Paths, Instantaneous Movement Directions, and Velocities 99 4B.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 101 4B.3.1 Concept of a Displacement Field 101 4B.3.2 Field Quantities 103 4b.3.3 Gradients of the Displacement Field: Discrete and Distributed Deformation 103 4B.3.4 Idealized Versus True Gradients of the Displacement Field 104 4B.4 The Displacement Gradient Tensor – Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 106 4b.4.1 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 107 4B.4.2 Translation Displacement Fields 107 4B.4.3 Rigid Rotation Displacement Fields 107 4B.4.4 Pure Strain Displacement Fields 109 4B.4.5 Total Displacement Fields 110 4b.4.6 Using Displacement Gradient Matrices to Represent Displacement Fields 110 4B.5 Idealized, Two- dimensional Displacement Fields 111 4B.5.1 Simple Shear Displacement Fields 111 4B.5.2 Uniaxial Convergence or Uniaxial Divergence Displacement Fields 113 4B.5.3 Pure Shear Displacement Fields 115 4B.5.4 General Shear Displacement Fields 117 4B.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 117 4B.6.1 Three-Dimensional Simple Shear Displacement Fields 119 4b.6.2 Three-Dimensional Orthogonal Convergence and Divergence Displacement Fields 121 4B.6.3 Pure Shearing Displacement Fields 121 4B.6.4 Constrictional Displacement Fields 122 4B.6.5 Flattening Displacement Fields 123 4B.6.6 Three-Dimensional General Shearing Displacement Fields 124 4B.7 Summary 124 Appendix 4-I: Vectors 124 4-I.1 Simple Mathematical Operations with Vectors 124 4-I.2 Vector Magnitudes 126 4-I.3 Properties of Vector Quantities 126 4-I.4 Relating Magnitude and Orientation to Cartesian Coordinates 127 4-I.5 Vector Products 129 Appendix 4-II: Matrix Operations 130 4-II.1 Defining Matrices 130 4-II.2 Matrix Addition and Subtraction 130 4-II.3 Matrix Multiplication 131 4-II.3.1 Multiplying Two “2 × 2” Matrices 132 4-II.3.2 Multiplying Two “3 × 3” Matrices 132 4-II.3.3 Multiplying a 2 × 2 Matrix Times a 2 × 1 Matrix 133 4-II.3.4 Multiplying a 3 × 3 Matrix Times a 3 × 1 Matrix 133 4-II.3.5 Scalar Multiplication 134 4-II.4 Transpose of a Matrix 134 4-II.5 Determinant of a Square Matrix 135 4-II.6 Inverse of a Square Matrix 135 4-II.7 Rotation Matrices 136 References 137 5 Strain 138 5.1 Overview 138 5.2 Chapter Organization 139 5A Strain: Conceptual Foundation 139 5A.1 Specifying Strain in Deformed Rocks 139 5A.2 One-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 141 5A.2.1 Basic Ideas 141 5A.2.2 Geological Example 142 5A.3 Two-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 143 5A.3.1 Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 143 5A.3.2 Shear Strain 147 5A.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 151 5A.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Strain 153 5A.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 154 5A.6.1 Finite Strain Ellipse 154 5A.6.2 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 159 5A.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 163 5A.7.1 States of Strain 163 5A.7.2 Strain Paths and Dated Strain Paths 163 5A.7.3 Coaxial Versus Non-Coaxial Strain Paths 164 5A.8 Instantaneous Strains and Strain Rates 166 5A.9 Infinitesimal Strains 166 5A.10 Summary 167 5A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Strain 167 5A.11.1 Using Fabrics to Estimate Strain Ellipsoid Shape 167 5A.11.2 Types of Methods for Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions 168 5A.11.3 Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions Using Deformed Markers 169 5B Strain: Comprehensive Treatment 176 5B.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 176 5B.4.1 Longitudinal Strains and Displacement Gradients 177 5B.4.2 Longitudinal Strains and Position Gradients 179 5B.4.3 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients 179 5B.4.4 Longitudinal Strain in Continuous Deformation 179 5B.4.5 Consequences of Longitudinal Strains 181 5B.4.6 Displacement Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 182 5B.4.7 Position Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 184 5B.4.8 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients in Two Dimensions 185 5B.4.9 Area Ratios in Two-Dimensional Deformation 186 5B.4.10 Discontinuous Deformation in Two Dimensions 186 5B.4.11 Displacement Gradients and Shear Strains 187 5B.4.12 Shear Strains and Position Gradients 188 5B.4.13 Applying Matrix Algebra to Two-dimensional Deformation 188 5B.4.14 Applying Matrix Algebra to Three-dimensional Deformation 195 5B.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Deformation 197 5B.5.1 Homogeneous Deformation 197 5B.5.2 Inhomogeneous Deformation 198 5B.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 200 5B.6.1 Homogeneous Deformations and the Finite Strain Ellipse 200 5B.6.2 Working with Strain Markers 200 5B.6.3 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 205 5B.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 205 5B.7.1 States of Strain 205 5B.7.2 Strain Paths 206 5B.7.3 Velocity Gradient Tensor and Decomposition 207 5B.8 Vorticity 210 5B.8.1 Vorticity Vector 211 5B.8.2 Kinematic Vorticity Number 213 5B.9 Summary 213 Appendix 5-I 214 References 216 6 Stress 217 6.1 Overview 217 6A Stress: Conceptual Foundation 218 6A.1 Forces, Tractions, and Stress 220 6A.1.1 Accelerations and the Forces that Act on Objects 220 6A.1.2 Forces Transmitted Through Objects 221 6A.1.3 Traction – A Measure of “Force Intensity” within Objects 221 6A.1.4 Stress 223 6A.2 Characteristics of Stress in Two Dimensions 225 6A.2.1 Normal and Tangential Stress Components 225 6A.2.2 Stresses on Planes with Different Orientations 227 6A.2.3 Principal Stresses and Differential Stress 227 6A.2.4 The Fundamental Stress Equations 231 6A.3 State of Stress in Two Dimensions 233 6A.3.1 The Stress Matrix 233 6A.3.2 The Stress Ellipse 234 6A.3.3 The Mohr circle 235 6A.3.4 Hydrostatic vs. Non-hydrostatic Stress 246 6A.3.5 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Stress 248 6A.4 Stress in Three Dimensions 248 6A.4.1 The Stress Ellipsoid 251 6A.4.2 Hydrostatic, Lithostatic, and Deviatoric Stresses 251 6A.5 Pore-fluid Pressure and Effective Stress 253 6A.6 Three-dimensional States of Stress 254 6A.7 The State of Stress in Earth 255 6A.8 Change of Stress: Paleostress, Path, and History 256 6A.9 Comparison of Displacements, Strain and Stress 257 6A.10 Summary 259 6A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Stress 261 6A.11.1 In situ Stress Measurements 261 6A.11.2 Paleostress 268 6B Stress: Comprehensive Treatment 272 6B.1 Force, Traction, and Stress Vectors 272 6B.1.1 Accelerations and Forces 272 6B.1.2 Traction or Stress Vectors 273 6b.1.3 Relating Traction or Stress Vector Components in Different Coordinate Frames 274 6B.1.4 Stress Transformation Law in Two Dimensions and the Mohr Circle 277 6b.1.5 Stress Transformation Law in Three Dimensions and the Mohr Diagram 279 6B.1.6 An Alternative Way to Define Traction or Stress Vectors 281 6B.1.7 Determining Stress Principal Directions and Magnitudes 282 6B.1.8 Stress Invariants 284 6B.1.9 Spatial Variation in Stress 285 Appendix 6-I 289 References 291 7 Rheology 292 7.1 Overview 292 7A Rheology: Conceptual Foundation 293 7A.1 Moving Beyond Equilibrium 293 7A.1.1 Conducting and Interpreting Deformation Experiments 294 7A.1.2 Recoverable Deformation versus Material Failure 297 7A.1.3 Moving from Deformation Experiments to Mathematical Relations 301 7A.2 Models of Rock Deformation 303 7A.2.1 Elastic Behavior 303 7A.2.2 Criteria for Fracture or Fault Formation 308 7A.2.3 Yield and Creep 321 7A.2.4 Viscous Behavior 322 7A.2.5 Plastic Behavior 322 7A.2.6 Constitutive Equations for Viscous Creep and Plastic Yield 324 7A.3 Summary 327 7B Rheology: Comprehensive Treatment 328 7B.1 Combining Deformation Models to Describe Rock Properties 328 7B.2 Rock Deformation Modes 332 7B.2.1 Elasticity 332 7B.2.2 Fracture or Fault Formation 337 7B.2.3 Differential Stress, Pore Fluid Pressure, and Failure Mode 356 7B.2.4 Yield and Creep 359 7B.2.5 Viscous Behavior 360 7B.2.6 Plastic Behavior 363 7B.2.7 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 363 References 364 8 Deformation Mechanisms 367 8.1 Overview 367 8A Deformation Mechanisms: Conceptual Foundation 370 8A.1 Elastic Distortion 371 8A.2 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 373 8A.2.1 Fracture of Geological Materials 373 8A.2.2 Frictional Sliding 376 8A.2.3 Microstructures Associated with Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding 380 8A.2.4 Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding as a Deformation Mechanism 380 8A.3 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 380 8A.3.1 Diffusion 380 8A.3.2 Grain Shape Change by Diffusion 385 8A.3.3 Microstructures Associated with Diffusional Mass Transfer 387 8A.3.4 Diffusional Mass Transfer as a Deformation Mechanism 390 8a.3.5 Flow Laws for Three Diffusional Mass Transfer Deformation Mechanisms 391 8A.4 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 393 8A.4.1 Dislocations as Elements of Lattice Distortion 39 8A.4.2 Dislocation Interactions 403 8A.4.3 Recovery and Recrystallization 405 8a.4.4 Microstructures Indicative of Dislocation- Accommodated Deformation 409 8A.4.5 Dislocation Glide: A Deformation Mechanism 414 8A.4.6 Flow Law for Dislocation Glide 415 8A.4.7 Dislocation Creep: A Deformation Mechanism 415 8A.4.8 Flow Law for Dislocation Creep 415 8A.4.9 Other Lattice Deformation Processes – Twinning and Kinking 416 8A.5 Diffusion- and/or Dislocation-Accommodated Grain Boundary Sliding 418 8A.6 Deformation Mechanism Maps 419 8A.7 Summary 422 8B Deformation Mechanisms: Comprehensive Treatment 423 8B.1 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 423 8B.1.1 Joints, Fractures, and Mesoscopic Faults 423 8B1.2 Fault Zones 431 8B.2 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 448 8B.2.1 Diffusional Mass Transfer Structures 448 8B.2.2 Understanding Diffusion Through Crystalline Materials 453 8B.2.3 The Effect of Differential Stress 455 8B.2.4 Flow Laws for Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 456 8B.2.5 Paths of Rapid Diffusion – Dislocations and Grain Boundaries 458 8B.2.6 The Effect of Fluid Phases Along Grain Boundaries 459 8B.3 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 460 8B.3.1 Origin of Dislocations 460 8B.3.2 Dislocation Movement 461 8B.3.3 Dislocation Interactions 467 8B.3.4 Stresses Associated with Dislocations 470 8B.3.5 Strains Accommodated by the Glide of Dislocations 470 8B.3.6 Constitutive Equations for Dislocation Creep 473 8B.3.7 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Dislocation Creep Regimes 475 8B.3.8 Twinning and Kinking 477 8B.4 Grain Boundary Sliding and Superplasticity 482 Appendix 8-I 484 Appendix 8-II 486 References 487 9 Case Studies of Deformation and Rheology 496 9.1 Overview 496 9.2 Integrating Structural Geology and Geochronology: Ruby Gap Duplex, Redbank Thrust Zone, Australia 497 9.2.1 Geological Setting and Deformation Character 497 9.2.2 Microstructures and Deformation Mechanisms 502 9.2.3 Rheological Analysis Using Microstructures by Comparison to Experimental Deformation 508 9.2.4 Geochronology 508 9.2.5 Evaluating Displacement Through Time 510 9.2.6 Orogenic Development Through Time 512 9.2.7 Summarizing Deformation in the Ruby Gap Duplex 512 9.3 The Interplay of Deformation Mechanisms and Rheologies in the Mid-Crust: Copper Creek Thrust Sheet, Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Tennessee, United States 514 9.3.1 Introduction 514 9.3.2 General Characteristics of the Southern Appalachian Fold-Thrust Belt 514 9.3.3 Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 518 9.3.4 Summarizing Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 534 9.4 Induced Seismicity 535 9.4.1 Overview of Induced Seismicity 535 9.4.2 Earthquakes in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa 536 9.4.3 Basel, Switzerland 539 9.4.4 Blackpool, United Kingdom 540 9.4.5 Oklahoma, United States 543 9.4.6 Koyna and Warna, India 545 9.4.7 A Framework for Understanding Induced Seismicity 549 9.5 Using Case Studies to Assess Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556 9.5.1 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556 9.5.2 Comparing Stress Magnitudes Inferred from the Case Studies to Lithospheric Strength Profiles 562 9.5.3 Recap 564 9.6 Broader Horizons 565 References 566 Index 573 En ligne : https://media.wiley.com/product_data/coverImage300/40/14051068/1405106840.jpg

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Blood science / Andrew Blannn  

Public ISBD Titre : Blood science : Principales and pathology Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Andrew Blannn, Auteur ; Nessar Ahmed, Auteur Mention d'édition : 2nd edition Editeur : [S.l.] : Wiley Année de publication : 2023 Importance : 620p. Présentation : ill. Format : 25cm X18cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-1-119-86411-0 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : 616 Maladies Résumé : . The second edition of the leading introduction to blood science, with updated new illustrations and case studies -Blood Science: Principles and Pathology integrates hematology and blood transfusion, ­clinical biochemistry, and immunology to provide a thorough introduction to this rapidly expanding discipline. Reflecting recent changes in education and training for healthcare scientists, this comprehensive textbook covers the analytical techniques used in blood ­science, the diagnosis and management of various blood disorders, and more. -Fully revised, the second edition presents new case studies and high-quality images ­throughout, illustrating the practical skills and knowledge required by today’s under­graduate students and practitioners. Detailed yet accessible chapters contain learning objectives and summaries, links to further readings and resources, and real-world case studies with easy-to-follow interpretations. Throughout the text, the authors highlight how laboratory data and clinical details are used to investigate patients with actual or suspected diseases in real-world scenarios: -Multi-disciplinary view merging biochemical, hematological, immunological, and genetical knowledge into a single discipline: Blood science - Discusses advances in molecular genetics identifying mutations resulting in the occurrence of certain pathological conditions such as leukaemia -Presents an expanded concluding chapter with detailed case reports that integrate biochemistry, immunology, and haematology, which all contribute to the investigation of respective conditions -Explains the potentials for developing tests such as non-coding RNAs -Offers further reading suggestions to dive even deeper into discussed subjects and concepts -Designed to meet the needs of undergraduate students taking blood science modules in biomedical, biological, and healthcare science programs, Blood Science: Principles and Pathology, Second Edition is also an invaluable guide for new graduates entering the field, as well as those training for professional qualifications or working with blood samples in laboratory-based environment Note de contenu : . Content: Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations About the Companion Website 1. Introduction to Blood Science 2. Analytical Techniques in Blood Science 3. The Physiology of the Red Blood Cell 4. The Pathology of the Red Blood Cell 5. White Blood Cells in Health and Disease 6. White Blood Cell Malignancy 7. The Physiology and Pathology of Haemostasis 8. The Diagnosis and Management of Disorders of Haemostasis 9. Immunopathology 10. Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility 11. Blood Transfusion 12. Waste products, electrolytes, and renal disease 13. Hydrogen ions, pH, and acid-base disorders 14. Glucose, lipids, and atherosclerosis 15. Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and bone disease 16. Nutrients and Gastrointestinal Disorders 17. Liver function tests and plasma proteins 18. Endocrinology 19. Cancer and tumour markers 20. Inherited Metabolic Disorders 21. Drugs and Poisons 22. Case Reports in Blood Science Further Reading Appendix 1: Reference Ranges Glossary Index En ligne : https://media.wiley.com/product_data/coverImage300/19/11198641/1119864119.jpg Blood science : Principales and pathology [texte imprimé] / Andrew Blannn, Auteur ; Nessar Ahmed, Auteur  . -  2nd edition . - [S.l.] : [S.l.] : Wiley, 2023 . - 620p. : ill. ; 25cm X18cm. ISBN : 978-1-119-86411-0 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : 616 Maladies Résumé : . The second edition of the leading introduction to blood science, with updated new illustrations and case studies -Blood Science: Principles and Pathology integrates hematology and blood transfusion, ­clinical biochemistry, and immunology to provide a thorough introduction to this rapidly expanding discipline. Reflecting recent changes in education and training for healthcare scientists, this comprehensive textbook covers the analytical techniques used in blood ­science, the diagnosis and management of various blood disorders, and more. -Fully revised, the second edition presents new case studies and high-quality images ­throughout, illustrating the practical skills and knowledge required by today’s under­graduate students and practitioners. Detailed yet accessible chapters contain learning objectives and summaries, links to further readings and resources, and real-world case studies with easy-to-follow interpretations. Throughout the text, the authors highlight how laboratory data and clinical details are used to investigate patients with actual or suspected diseases in real-world scenarios: -Multi-disciplinary view merging biochemical, hematological, immunological, and genetical knowledge into a single discipline: Blood science - Discusses advances in molecular genetics identifying mutations resulting in the occurrence of certain pathological conditions such as leukaemia -Presents an expanded concluding chapter with detailed case reports that integrate biochemistry, immunology, and haematology, which all contribute to the investigation of respective conditions -Explains the potentials for developing tests such as non-coding RNAs -Offers further reading suggestions to dive even deeper into discussed subjects and concepts -Designed to meet the needs of undergraduate students taking blood science modules in biomedical, biological, and healthcare science programs, Blood Science: Principles and Pathology, Second Edition is also an invaluable guide for new graduates entering the field, as well as those training for professional qualifications or working with blood samples in laboratory-based environment Note de contenu : . Content: Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations About the Companion Website 1. Introduction to Blood Science 2. Analytical Techniques in Blood Science 3. The Physiology of the Red Blood Cell 4. The Pathology of the Red Blood Cell 5. White Blood Cells in Health and Disease 6. White Blood Cell Malignancy 7. The Physiology and Pathology of Haemostasis 8. The Diagnosis and Management of Disorders of Haemostasis 9. Immunopathology 10. Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility 11. Blood Transfusion 12. Waste products, electrolytes, and renal disease 13. Hydrogen ions, pH, and acid-base disorders 14. Glucose, lipids, and atherosclerosis 15. Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and bone disease 16. Nutrients and Gastrointestinal Disorders 17. Liver function tests and plasma proteins 18. Endocrinology 19. Cancer and tumour markers 20. Inherited Metabolic Disorders 21. Drugs and Poisons 22. Case Reports in Blood Science Further Reading Appendix 1: Reference Ranges Glossary Index En ligne : https://media.wiley.com/product_data/coverImage300/19/11198641/1119864119.jpg

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Essential statistics for bioscientists / Mohammed Meah  

Public ISBD Titre : Essential statistics for bioscientists Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Mohammed Meah, Auteur Editeur : [S.l.] : Wiley Année de publication : 2022 Importance : 246p. Présentation : ill. Format : 25cm X18cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-1-119-71200-8 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : 519 Résumé : . -Dive into the most common statistical tests and software packages used for scientific data analysis and interpretation -In Essential Statistics For Bioscientists, experienced university and bioscientist Dr Mohammed Meah delivers easy access to statistical analysis and data presentation. It is a great resource for students in the field of life and health sciences to conceptualize, analyze, and present data. This book uses three popular and commonly used statistics softwares—Microsoft Excel, Graphpad Prism, and SPSS—and offers clear, step-by-step instructions for essential data analysis and graphical/tabular display of data. -Beginning with fundamental statistics terminology and concepts, including data types, descriptive statistics (central and spread of data), exploratory statistics (graphical display) and inferential statistics (hypothesis testing and correlation), the content gradually builds in complexity, explaining which statistical test is best suited and how to perform it. -A thorugh introduction to basic statistical terms and building up to an advanced level of statistical application- ideal for those new to study of statistics Extensive application of three popular software packages- Microsoft Excel, Graphpad Prism and SPSS Numerous hands-on examples of performing data analysis using Microsoft Excel, Graphpad Prism, and SPSS Considers the limitations and errors of statistical analysis Essential reading for those designing and planning a research project in Biosciences -Perfect for undergraduate students in the life and health sciences, Essential Statistics For Bioscientists will also earn a place in the libraries of anyone studying medicine, nursing, physiotherapy, pharmacy, and dentistry requiring a refresher or primer on statistical fundamentals. Note de contenu : . Table of contents Acknowledgements vi List of Worked Examples of Statistical Tests vii Introduction 1 1:Basic Statistics 4 2:Displaying and Exploring Sample Data Graphically 35 3:Choosing The Appropriate Statistical Test For Analysis 65 4:Inferential Statistics: Parametric Tests 79 5:Inferential Statistics: Non-parametric Tests 91 6:Using Excel: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 101 7:Using Prism: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 138 8:Using SPSS: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 170 9:Misuse and Misinterpretations of Statistics 202 Appendix 1 Historical Landmarks in Statistics 208 Appendix 2 Common Statistical Terms 210 Appendix 3 Common Symbols Used in Statistics 214 Appendix 4 Standard Formulas 216 Appendix 5 How to Calculate Sample Size 218 Appendix 6 Familiarisation with GraphPad Prism 220 Appendix 7 Answers to Sample Problems 224 Appendix 8 Standard Critical Tables 229 References 243 Index 245 En ligne : https://media.wiley.com/product_data/coverImage300/09/11197120/1119712009.jpg Essential statistics for bioscientists [texte imprimé] / Mohammed Meah, Auteur . - [S.l.] : [S.l.] : Wiley, 2022 . - 246p. : ill. ; 25cm X18cm. ISBN : 978-1-119-71200-8 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : 519 Résumé : . -Dive into the most common statistical tests and software packages used for scientific data analysis and interpretation -In Essential Statistics For Bioscientists, experienced university and bioscientist Dr Mohammed Meah delivers easy access to statistical analysis and data presentation. It is a great resource for students in the field of life and health sciences to conceptualize, analyze, and present data. This book uses three popular and commonly used statistics softwares—Microsoft Excel, Graphpad Prism, and SPSS—and offers clear, step-by-step instructions for essential data analysis and graphical/tabular display of data. -Beginning with fundamental statistics terminology and concepts, including data types, descriptive statistics (central and spread of data), exploratory statistics (graphical display) and inferential statistics (hypothesis testing and correlation), the content gradually builds in complexity, explaining which statistical test is best suited and how to perform it. -A thorugh introduction to basic statistical terms and building up to an advanced level of statistical application- ideal for those new to study of statistics Extensive application of three popular software packages- Microsoft Excel, Graphpad Prism and SPSS Numerous hands-on examples of performing data analysis using Microsoft Excel, Graphpad Prism, and SPSS Considers the limitations and errors of statistical analysis Essential reading for those designing and planning a research project in Biosciences -Perfect for undergraduate students in the life and health sciences, Essential Statistics For Bioscientists will also earn a place in the libraries of anyone studying medicine, nursing, physiotherapy, pharmacy, and dentistry requiring a refresher or primer on statistical fundamentals. Note de contenu : . Table of contents Acknowledgements vi List of Worked Examples of Statistical Tests vii Introduction 1 1:Basic Statistics 4 2:Displaying and Exploring Sample Data Graphically 35 3:Choosing The Appropriate Statistical Test For Analysis 65 4:Inferential Statistics: Parametric Tests 79 5:Inferential Statistics: Non-parametric Tests 91 6:Using Excel: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 101 7:Using Prism: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 138 8:Using SPSS: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 170 9:Misuse and Misinterpretations of Statistics 202 Appendix 1 Historical Landmarks in Statistics 208 Appendix 2 Common Statistical Terms 210 Appendix 3 Common Symbols Used in Statistics 214 Appendix 4 Standard Formulas 216 Appendix 5 How to Calculate Sample Size 218 Appendix 6 Familiarisation with GraphPad Prism 220 Appendix 7 Answers to Sample Problems 224 Appendix 8 Standard Critical Tables 229 References 243 Index 245 En ligne : https://media.wiley.com/product_data/coverImage300/09/11197120/1119712009.jpg

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Extraction techniques for environmental analyse / John R.Dean  

Public ISBD Titre : Extraction techniques for environmental analyse Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : John R.Dean, Auteur Editeur : [S.l.] : Wiley Année de publication : 2022 Importance : 364p. Présentation : ill. Format : 25cm x 17.5cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-1-119-71904-5 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Résumé : . Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis Explore the analytical approach to extraction techniques In Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis, accomplished environmental scientist and researcher John R. Dean delivers a comprehensive discussion of the extraction techniques used for organic compounds relevant to environmental analysis. In the book, extraction techniques for aqueous, air, and solid environmental matrices are explored and case studies that highlight those techniques are included. Readers will find in-depth treatments of specific extraction techniques suitable for adoption in their own laboratories, as well as reviews of relevant analytical techniques used for the analysis of organic compound extracts (with a focus on chromatographic separation and detection). Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis also includes a chapter that extensively covers the requirements for an analytical laboratory, including health and safety standards, as well as: A thorough introduction to pre-sampling, as well as the extraction of aqueous samples, including the classical approach for aqueous extraction and solid phase extraction Comprehensive explorations of the extraction of gaseous samples, including air sampling Practical discussions of the extraction of solid samples, including pressurized fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction In-depth examinations of post-extraction procedures, including pre-concentration using solvent evaporation Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis is a must-read resource for undergraduate students of applied chemistry, as well as postgraduates taking analytical chemistry courses or courses in related disciplines, like forensic or environmental science. Note de contenu : . Table of contents Preface xv About the Author xvii Acknowledgements xix Section A Initial Considerations 1 1 The Analytical Approach 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Environmental Organic Compounds of Concern 4 1.3 Essentials of Practical Work 12 1.4 Health and Safety 15 1.5 Considerations for Data Presentation 21 1.5.1 Useful Tips on Presenting Data in Tables 21 1.5.2 Useful Tips on Presenting Data in Graphical Form 21 1.6 Use and Determination of Significant Figures 21 1.7 Units 23 1.8 Calibration and Quantitative Analysis 24 1.9 Terminology in Quantitative Analysis 24 1.10 Preparing Solutions for Quantitative Work 25 1.11 Calibration Graphs 27 1.12 The Internal Standard 28 1.13 Limits of Detection/Quantitation 29 1.14 Dilution or Concentration Factors 31 1.15 Quality Assurance 32 1.16 Use of Certified Reference Materials 33 1.17 Applications 34 Further Reading 39 Section B Sampling 41 2 Sampling and Storage 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Sampling Strategy 44 2.3 Types of Aqueous Matrices 45 2.4 Types of Soil Matrices 46 2.5 Physicochemical Properties of Water and Solid Environmental Matrices 49 2.5.1 Aqueous (Water) Samples 49 2.5.2 Solid (Soil) Samples 50 2.6 Sampling Soil (and/or Sediment) 52 2.7 Sampling Water 57 2.8 Sampling Air 59 2.9 Sampling and Analytical Operations Interrelationships and Terminology 60 2.9.1 Sampling Operations 60 2.9.2 Analytical Operations 61 2.10 Storage of Samples 63 2.10.1 Choice of Storage Container for Liquid Samples 63 2.10.2 Cleaning of Storage Container for Liquid Samples 64 2.11 Preservation Techniques for Liquid Samples 65 2.12 Preservation Techniques for Solid Samples 66 2.13 Preservation Techniques for Gaseous Samples 66 2.14 Applications 66 Reference 72 Section C Extraction of Aqueous Samples 73 3 Classical Approaches for Aqueous Extraction 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 75 3.2.1 Theory of LLE 76 3.2.2 Selection of Solvents 77 3.2.3 Solvent Extraction 78 3.2.4 Problems with the LLE process and Their Remedies 81 3.3 Liquid Microextraction Techniques 81 3.3.1 Single-Drop Microextraction (SDME) 81 3.3.2 Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) 82 3.4 Purge and Trap 84 3.5 Headspace Extraction 84 3.5.1 Procedure for Static Headspace Sampling 86 3.5.2 Procedure for Dynamic Headspace Sampling 87 3.6 Application 88 4 Solid-Phase Extraction 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Types of SPE Sorbent 93 4.2.1 Multimodal and Mixed-Phase Extractions 94 4.2.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) 94 4.3 SPE Formats and Apparatus 97 4.4 Method of SPE Operation 100 4.5 Solvent Selection 103 4.6 Factors Affecting SPE 104 4.7 Selected Methods of Analysis for SPE 104 4.7.1 Application of Reversed-Phase SPE 104 4.7.2 Application of Normal-Phase SPE 106 4.7.3 Application of Ion Exchange SPE 107 4.7.4 Application of Mixed-Mode SPE 108 4.8 Automation and Online SPE 108 4.9 Applications 110 4.10 Summary 117 References 118 5 Solid-Phase MicroExtraction 119 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Theoretical Considerations for SPME 119 5.3 Practical Considerations for SPME 122 5.3.1 SPME Agitation Methods 123 5.3.2 Other SPME Operating Considerations 124 5.4 Application of SPME 124 5.5 Summary 130 Reference 130 6 In-Tube Extraction 131 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Microextraction in a Packed Syringe (MEPS) 133 6.2.1 Procedure for MEPS 133 6.2.2 Main Issues in MEPS 134 6.3 In-Tube Extraction (ITEX) 135 6.3.1 Procedure for ITEX-DHS 135 6.4 Application of ITEX-DHS 136 6.5 Summary 139 7 Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 141 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Theoretical Considerations for SBSE 141 7.3 Practical Issues for SBSE 143 7.3.1 Main Issues in SBSE 143 7.4 Application of SBSE 144 7.5 Summary 144 8 Membrane Extraction 145 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Theoretical Considerations for Membrane Extraction 146 8.2.1 Mass Transfer Coefficient Model 147 8.2.2 Chemical Reaction Kinetic Model 148 8.3 Passive Sampling Devices 149 8.4 Application of Passive Sampling Using Chemcatcher® 154 8.5 Summary 155 Reference 155 Section D Extraction of Solid Samples 157 9 Classical Approaches for Extraction of Solid Samples 159 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Theory of Liquid–Solid Extraction 159 9.3 Soxhlet Extraction 162 9.3.1 Experimental 163 9.4 Soxtec Extraction 164 9.5 Ultrasonic Extraction 165 9.5.1 Experimental 166 9.6 Shake Flask Extraction 167 9.6.1 Experimental 167 9.7 Application 168 Reference 170 10 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 171 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Theoretical Considerations Relating to the Extraction Process 171 10.2.1 Solubility and Mass Transfer Effects 172 10.2.2 Disruption of Surface Equilibrium (By Temperature and Pressure) 173 10.3 Instrumentation for PLE 173 10.4 A Typical Procedure for PLE 175 10.5 In Situ Clean-Up or Selective PLE 179 10.6 Method Development for PLE 181 10.6.1 Pre-Extraction Considerations 181 10.6.2 Packing the Extraction Vessel 181 10.7 Applications of PLE 182 10.8 Summary 204 References 204 11 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 205 11.1 Introduction 205 11.2 Theoretical Considerations for MAE 205 11.2.1 Selecting an Organic Solvent for MAE 207 11.2.2 Heating Methods 208 11.2.3 Calibration of a Microwave Instrument 209 11.3 Instrumentation for MAE 210 11.4 A Typical Procedure for MAE 211 11.5 Applications of MAE 212 11.6 Summary 217 References 217 12 Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion 219 12.1 Introduction 219 12.2 Practical Considerations for MSPD 219 12.3 Optimization of MSPD 220 12.4 Application of MSPD 221 12.5 Summary 228 13 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 229 13.1 Introduction 229 13.2 Theoretical Considerations for SFE 230 13.3 Supercritical CO2 231 13.4 Instrumentation for SFE 231 13.5 A Typical Procedure for SFE 232 13.6 Application of SFE 236 13.7 Summary 238 References 238 Section E Extraction of Gaseous Samples 239 14 Air Sampling 241 14.1 Introduction 241 14.2 Techniques Used for Air Sampling 242 14.2.1 Whole Air Collection 242 14.2.2 Enrichment Onto Solid Sorbents 243 14.2.2.1 Active Methods 243 14.2.2.2 Passive Methods 243 14.3 Thermal Desorption 244 14.4 Workplace Exposure Limits 249 14.5 Biological Monitoring 249 14.6 Particulate Matter 250 14.7 Application of Air Sampling 251 14.8 Summary 252 References 252 Section F Post-Extraction 253 15 Pre-Concentration and Associated Sample Extract Procedures 255 15.1 Introduction 255 15.2 Solvent Evaporation Techniques 255 15.2.1 Needle Evaporation 256 15.2.2 Automated Evaporator (TurboVap) 256 15.2.3 Rotary Evaporation 256 15.2.4 Kuderna–Danish Evaporative Concentration 258 15.2.5 Automated Evaporative Concentration System 258 15.3 Post-Extract Evaporation 260 15.4 Sample Extract Clean-Up Procedures 260 15.4.1 Column Chromatography 260 15.4.1.1 Partition Chromatography 261 15.4.1.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography 261 15.4.1.3 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 261 15.4.2 Acid–Alkaline Partition 262 15.4.3 Acetonitrile–Hexane Partition 262 15.4.4 Sulphur Clean-Up 262 15.4.5 Alkaline Decomposition 262 15.5 Derivatization for Gas Chromatography 262 15.6 Application of Pre-Concentration for Analysis 264 References 264 16 Instrumental Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis 265 16.1 Introduction 265 16.2 Theory of Chromatography 265 16.3 Chromatography Detectors: The Essentials 271 16.4 Gas Chromatography 272 16.4.1 Choice of Gas for GC 273 16.4.2 Sample Introduction in GC 274 16.4.3 The GC Oven 275 16.4.4 The GC Column 277 16.4.5 GC Detectors 279 16.4.6 Compound Derivatization for GC 283 16.5 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 284 16.5.1 The Mobile Phase in HPLC 284 16.5.2 Sample Introduction in HPLC 285 16.5.3 The HPLC Column 286 16.5.4 Detectors for HPLC 288 16.6 Other Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis 292 16.6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 292 16.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry 293 16.6.3 Portable Techniques for Field Measurements 293 16.7 Applications of Chromatography in Environmental Analysis 294 16.8 Summary 300 Further Readings 300 Section G Post-Analysis: Decision- Making 301 17 Environmental Problem Solving 303 17.1 Introduction 303 References 327 Section H Historical Context 329 18 A History of Extraction Techniques and Chromatographic Analysis 331 18.1 Introduction 331 18.2 Application 339 References 345 Appendices 347 SI units and Physical Constants 357 Index 361 For Individuals For Institutions & Businesses Wiley Network Newsroom About Wiley En ligne : https://books.google.com/books/publisher/content/images/frontcover/x2ZhEAAAQBAJ? [...] Extraction techniques for environmental analyse [texte imprimé] / John R.Dean, Auteur . - [S.l.] : [S.l.] : Wiley, 2022 . - 364p. : ill. ; 25cm x 17.5cm. ISBN : 978-1-119-71904-5 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Résumé : . Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis Explore the analytical approach to extraction techniques In Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis, accomplished environmental scientist and researcher John R. Dean delivers a comprehensive discussion of the extraction techniques used for organic compounds relevant to environmental analysis. In the book, extraction techniques for aqueous, air, and solid environmental matrices are explored and case studies that highlight those techniques are included. Readers will find in-depth treatments of specific extraction techniques suitable for adoption in their own laboratories, as well as reviews of relevant analytical techniques used for the analysis of organic compound extracts (with a focus on chromatographic separation and detection). Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis also includes a chapter that extensively covers the requirements for an analytical laboratory, including health and safety standards, as well as: A thorough introduction to pre-sampling, as well as the extraction of aqueous samples, including the classical approach for aqueous extraction and solid phase extraction Comprehensive explorations of the extraction of gaseous samples, including air sampling Practical discussions of the extraction of solid samples, including pressurized fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction In-depth examinations of post-extraction procedures, including pre-concentration using solvent evaporation Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis is a must-read resource for undergraduate students of applied chemistry, as well as postgraduates taking analytical chemistry courses or courses in related disciplines, like forensic or environmental science. Note de contenu : . Table of contents Preface xv About the Author xvii Acknowledgements xix Section A Initial Considerations 1 1 The Analytical Approach 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Environmental Organic Compounds of Concern 4 1.3 Essentials of Practical Work 12 1.4 Health and Safety 15 1.5 Considerations for Data Presentation 21 1.5.1 Useful Tips on Presenting Data in Tables 21 1.5.2 Useful Tips on Presenting Data in Graphical Form 21 1.6 Use and Determination of Significant Figures 21 1.7 Units 23 1.8 Calibration and Quantitative Analysis 24 1.9 Terminology in Quantitative Analysis 24 1.10 Preparing Solutions for Quantitative Work 25 1.11 Calibration Graphs 27 1.12 The Internal Standard 28 1.13 Limits of Detection/Quantitation 29 1.14 Dilution or Concentration Factors 31 1.15 Quality Assurance 32 1.16 Use of Certified Reference Materials 33 1.17 Applications 34 Further Reading 39 Section B Sampling 41 2 Sampling and Storage 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Sampling Strategy 44 2.3 Types of Aqueous Matrices 45 2.4 Types of Soil Matrices 46 2.5 Physicochemical Properties of Water and Solid Environmental Matrices 49 2.5.1 Aqueous (Water) Samples 49 2.5.2 Solid (Soil) Samples 50 2.6 Sampling Soil (and/or Sediment) 52 2.7 Sampling Water 57 2.8 Sampling Air 59 2.9 Sampling and Analytical Operations Interrelationships and Terminology 60 2.9.1 Sampling Operations 60 2.9.2 Analytical Operations 61 2.10 Storage of Samples 63 2.10.1 Choice of Storage Container for Liquid Samples 63 2.10.2 Cleaning of Storage Container for Liquid Samples 64 2.11 Preservation Techniques for Liquid Samples 65 2.12 Preservation Techniques for Solid Samples 66 2.13 Preservation Techniques for Gaseous Samples 66 2.14 Applications 66 Reference 72 Section C Extraction of Aqueous Samples 73 3 Classical Approaches for Aqueous Extraction 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 75 3.2.1 Theory of LLE 76 3.2.2 Selection of Solvents 77 3.2.3 Solvent Extraction 78 3.2.4 Problems with the LLE process and Their Remedies 81 3.3 Liquid Microextraction Techniques 81 3.3.1 Single-Drop Microextraction (SDME) 81 3.3.2 Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) 82 3.4 Purge and Trap 84 3.5 Headspace Extraction 84 3.5.1 Procedure for Static Headspace Sampling 86 3.5.2 Procedure for Dynamic Headspace Sampling 87 3.6 Application 88 4 Solid-Phase Extraction 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Types of SPE Sorbent 93 4.2.1 Multimodal and Mixed-Phase Extractions 94 4.2.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) 94 4.3 SPE Formats and Apparatus 97 4.4 Method of SPE Operation 100 4.5 Solvent Selection 103 4.6 Factors Affecting SPE 104 4.7 Selected Methods of Analysis for SPE 104 4.7.1 Application of Reversed-Phase SPE 104 4.7.2 Application of Normal-Phase SPE 106 4.7.3 Application of Ion Exchange SPE 107 4.7.4 Application of Mixed-Mode SPE 108 4.8 Automation and Online SPE 108 4.9 Applications 110 4.10 Summary 117 References 118 5 Solid-Phase MicroExtraction 119 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Theoretical Considerations for SPME 119 5.3 Practical Considerations for SPME 122 5.3.1 SPME Agitation Methods 123 5.3.2 Other SPME Operating Considerations 124 5.4 Application of SPME 124 5.5 Summary 130 Reference 130 6 In-Tube Extraction 131 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Microextraction in a Packed Syringe (MEPS) 133 6.2.1 Procedure for MEPS 133 6.2.2 Main Issues in MEPS 134 6.3 In-Tube Extraction (ITEX) 135 6.3.1 Procedure for ITEX-DHS 135 6.4 Application of ITEX-DHS 136 6.5 Summary 139 7 Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 141 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Theoretical Considerations for SBSE 141 7.3 Practical Issues for SBSE 143 7.3.1 Main Issues in SBSE 143 7.4 Application of SBSE 144 7.5 Summary 144 8 Membrane Extraction 145 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Theoretical Considerations for Membrane Extraction 146 8.2.1 Mass Transfer Coefficient Model 147 8.2.2 Chemical Reaction Kinetic Model 148 8.3 Passive Sampling Devices 149 8.4 Application of Passive Sampling Using Chemcatcher® 154 8.5 Summary 155 Reference 155 Section D Extraction of Solid Samples 157 9 Classical Approaches for Extraction of Solid Samples 159 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Theory of Liquid–Solid Extraction 159 9.3 Soxhlet Extraction 162 9.3.1 Experimental 163 9.4 Soxtec Extraction 164 9.5 Ultrasonic Extraction 165 9.5.1 Experimental 166 9.6 Shake Flask Extraction 167 9.6.1 Experimental 167 9.7 Application 168 Reference 170 10 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 171 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Theoretical Considerations Relating to the Extraction Process 171 10.2.1 Solubility and Mass Transfer Effects 172 10.2.2 Disruption of Surface Equilibrium (By Temperature and Pressure) 173 10.3 Instrumentation for PLE 173 10.4 A Typical Procedure for PLE 175 10.5 In Situ Clean-Up or Selective PLE 179 10.6 Method Development for PLE 181 10.6.1 Pre-Extraction Considerations 181 10.6.2 Packing the Extraction Vessel 181 10.7 Applications of PLE 182 10.8 Summary 204 References 204 11 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 205 11.1 Introduction 205 11.2 Theoretical Considerations for MAE 205 11.2.1 Selecting an Organic Solvent for MAE 207 11.2.2 Heating Methods 208 11.2.3 Calibration of a Microwave Instrument 209 11.3 Instrumentation for MAE 210 11.4 A Typical Procedure for MAE 211 11.5 Applications of MAE 212 11.6 Summary 217 References 217 12 Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion 219 12.1 Introduction 219 12.2 Practical Considerations for MSPD 219 12.3 Optimization of MSPD 220 12.4 Application of MSPD 221 12.5 Summary 228 13 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 229 13.1 Introduction 229 13.2 Theoretical Considerations for SFE 230 13.3 Supercritical CO2 231 13.4 Instrumentation for SFE 231 13.5 A Typical Procedure for SFE 232 13.6 Application of SFE 236 13.7 Summary 238 References 238 Section E Extraction of Gaseous Samples 239 14 Air Sampling 241 14.1 Introduction 241 14.2 Techniques Used for Air Sampling 242 14.2.1 Whole Air Collection 242 14.2.2 Enrichment Onto Solid Sorbents 243 14.2.2.1 Active Methods 243 14.2.2.2 Passive Methods 243 14.3 Thermal Desorption 244 14.4 Workplace Exposure Limits 249 14.5 Biological Monitoring 249 14.6 Particulate Matter 250 14.7 Application of Air Sampling 251 14.8 Summary 252 References 252 Section F Post-Extraction 253 15 Pre-Concentration and Associated Sample Extract Procedures 255 15.1 Introduction 255 15.2 Solvent Evaporation Techniques 255 15.2.1 Needle Evaporation 256 15.2.2 Automated Evaporator (TurboVap) 256 15.2.3 Rotary Evaporation 256 15.2.4 Kuderna–Danish Evaporative Concentration 258 15.2.5 Automated Evaporative Concentration System 258 15.3 Post-Extract Evaporation 260 15.4 Sample Extract Clean-Up Procedures 260 15.4.1 Column Chromatography 260 15.4.1.1 Partition Chromatography 261 15.4.1.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography 261 15.4.1.3 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 261 15.4.2 Acid–Alkaline Partition 262 15.4.3 Acetonitrile–Hexane Partition 262 15.4.4 Sulphur Clean-Up 262 15.4.5 Alkaline Decomposition 262 15.5 Derivatization for Gas Chromatography 262 15.6 Application of Pre-Concentration for Analysis 264 References 264 16 Instrumental Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis 265 16.1 Introduction 265 16.2 Theory of Chromatography 265 16.3 Chromatography Detectors: The Essentials 271 16.4 Gas Chromatography 272 16.4.1 Choice of Gas for GC 273 16.4.2 Sample Introduction in GC 274 16.4.3 The GC Oven 275 16.4.4 The GC Column 277 16.4.5 GC Detectors 279 16.4.6 Compound Derivatization for GC 283 16.5 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 284 16.5.1 The Mobile Phase in HPLC 284 16.5.2 Sample Introduction in HPLC 285 16.5.3 The HPLC Column 286 16.5.4 Detectors for HPLC 288 16.6 Other Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis 292 16.6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 292 16.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry 293 16.6.3 Portable Techniques for Field Measurements 293 16.7 Applications of Chromatography in Environmental Analysis 294 16.8 Summary 300 Further Readings 300 Section G Post-Analysis: Decision- Making 301 17 Environmental Problem Solving 303 17.1 Introduction 303 References 327 Section H Historical Context 329 18 A History of Extraction Techniques and Chromatographic Analysis 331 18.1 Introduction 331 18.2 Application 339 References 345 Appendices 347 SI units and Physical Constants 357 Index 361 For Individuals For Institutions & Businesses Wiley Network Newsroom About Wiley En ligne : https://books.google.com/books/publisher/content/images/frontcover/x2ZhEAAAQBAJ? [...]

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Global climate change and human life / M.A.K.Kahlil  

Public ISBD Titre : Global climate change and human life Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : M.A.K.Kahlil, Auteur Editeur : [S.l.] : Wiley Année de publication : 2022 Importance : 273p. Présentation : ill. Format : 25.5cm X20cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-0-470-66578-7 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : 551 Géologie, météorologie, hydrologie générale Résumé : . -In our time, the global population has become large enough to cause perceptible environmental changes all over the world. With it, a new science of global change has emerged, mostly as a practical matter to understand and manage the earth's habitability and create a sustainable environment for some time to come - one which balances the benefits of technological and societal advances with their potential, less desirable side effects. These concerns began with the depletion of the ozone layer and its possible adverse consequences on human health, and have, in recent decades, shifted to climate change driven by ongoing global warming. -Why are these global changes occurring? How will they affect our lives? If we find the effects undesirable, what should we do? This book will attempt to answer these questions. It will show how to accomplish the goal of managing our climate, what it will take, and when it needs to be done. Such a management process has to be dynamic, making it more complex and less didactic, requiring changes in strategy to achieve a longer-term goal as our knowledge advances. -Global Climate Change and Human Life is a comprehensive and cohesive look at the emerging field of global change science. Using models that take the theoretical or conceptual understanding and translate them into mathematical forms, the book lays out a holistic view of the science that develops and teaches the main principles, concepts and conclusions. In the end, readers will be empowered to use science and the scientific method to decide how important and timely climate change is as a social issue and which solutions can succeed. Note de contenu : . Preface ix About the Companion Website xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Is Global Change Science? 1 1.2 Current Global Change 2 1.3 Raising Fundamental Questions 2 Endnotes 3 2 The Framework 5 2.1 The System 5 2.2 Scales of Action 5 2.3 What Determines Climate? 8 2.4 The Benchmark Average Climate 12 2.5 Irreducible Uncertainties 15 2.6 The Plan 16 Review of the Main Points 18 3 Atmospheric Composition 19 3.1 Trace Gases and Their Roles in Climate and the Environment 19 3.2 Quantifying the Atmospheric Composition 22 Review of the Main Points 27 Endnotes 29 4 Mass Balance Theory and Small Models 33 4.1 The Components 33 4.2 Global 35 4.3 Hemispherical and Horizontal 40 4.4 Vertical 43 Review of the Main Points 46 Endnotes 48 5 Transport Processes 51 5.1 Vertical Transport and Convection 51 5.2 Horizontal Motion and the General Circulation 56 5.3 Turbulent Transport 61 5.4 Quantifying Transport Processes 66 Review of the Main Points 69 Endnotes 70 6 Mechanisms of Sources and Sinks 73 6.1 Reservoirs and Source-Sink Relationships 74 6.2 Atmospheric Chemistry 77 6.3 Global Environmental Applications 82 6.4 Cross-Media Transport: Oceans, Soils, and Biota 90 Review of the Main Points 100 Endnotes 102 7 Balance of Climate Gases and Aerosols 107 7.1 Anthropogenic vs Natural Components 107 7.2 Greenhouse Gases 11 7.3 Aerosols 12 Review of the Main Points 126 Endnotes 127 8 The Science of Climate 131 8.1 Solar Radiation 131 8.2 Albedo 135 8.3 Radiative Transfer 137 8.4 Heat Storage and Balance 150 8.5 Precipitation 152 Review of the Main Points 154 Endnotes 156 9 Instructive Climate Models 159 9.1 Base Temperature Model - Lessons, Flaws, and Resolution 159 9.2 Radiative Forcing and Climate Sensitivity 166 9.3 Practical Relationships between Greenhouse Gases and Surface Warming 168 9.4 Role of the Oceans 171 9.5 Role of Clouds 174 9.6 Horizontal Transport of Heat 175 Review of the Main Points 178 Endnotes 180 10 Climate Feedbacks 183 10.1 How They Work 183 10.2 Feedbacks Classified and Delineated 188 10.3 Physical Feedbacks 189 10.4 Role of the Living World 192 Review of the Main Points 197 Endnotes 199 11 Match of Climate Change Observed and Modeled 201 11.1 What Is Global Warming? 201 11.2 Causes of Observed Warming 204 11.3 Differential Effects of Climate Change 207 Review of the Main Points 210 Endnotes 210 12 Population, Affluence, and Global Change 213 12.1 Basic Relationships 213 12.2 Societal Factors in Climate Change 215 12.3 Population Growth and Resources 218 12.4 Vulnerability Theory 222 Review of the Main Points 225 Endnotes 226 13 Impacts of Climate Change on Human Life 229 13.1 Impacts Classified 229 13.2 Health 230 13.3 Habitability 234 Review of the Main Points 239 Endnotes 240 14 Climate Management 243 14.1 Tragedy of the Commons 243 14.2 Compounding Forces of Resistance 248 14.3 Mechanisms for Managing the Climate 249 14.4 Geo-engineering 251 14.5 Trading Gases: The Global Warming Potential 253 Review of the Main Points 255 Endnotes 256 15 Possible Futures 257 15.1 Projections 257 15.2 The Metaphysics of Climate Change 259 Endnote 261 List of Symbols Used 263 Index 267 En ligne : https://application.wiley-vch.de/books/tis/cover/9780470665787.jpg Global climate change and human life [texte imprimé] / M.A.K.Kahlil, Auteur . - [S.l.] : [S.l.] : Wiley, 2022 . - 273p. : ill. ; 25.5cm X20cm. ISBN : 978-0-470-66578-7 Langues : Anglais (eng) Langues originales : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : 551 Géologie, météorologie, hydrologie générale Résumé : . -In our time, the global population has become large enough to cause perceptible environmental changes all over the world. With it, a new science of global change has emerged, mostly as a practical matter to understand and manage the earth's habitability and create a sustainable environment for some time to come - one which balances the benefits of technological and societal advances with their potential, less desirable side effects. These concerns began with the depletion of the ozone layer and its possible adverse consequences on human health, and have, in recent decades, shifted to climate change driven by ongoing global warming. -Why are these global changes occurring? How will they affect our lives? If we find the effects undesirable, what should we do? This book will attempt to answer these questions. It will show how to accomplish the goal of managing our climate, what it will take, and when it needs to be done. Such a management process has to be dynamic, making it more complex and less didactic, requiring changes in strategy to achieve a longer-term goal as our knowledge advances. -Global Climate Change and Human Life is a comprehensive and cohesive look at the emerging field of global change science. Using models that take the theoretical or conceptual understanding and translate them into mathematical forms, the book lays out a holistic view of the science that develops and teaches the main principles, concepts and conclusions. In the end, readers will be empowered to use science and the scientific method to decide how important and timely climate change is as a social issue and which solutions can succeed. Note de contenu : . Preface ix About the Companion Website xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Is Global Change Science? 1 1.2 Current Global Change 2 1.3 Raising Fundamental Questions 2 Endnotes 3 2 The Framework 5 2.1 The System 5 2.2 Scales of Action 5 2.3 What Determines Climate? 8 2.4 The Benchmark Average Climate 12 2.5 Irreducible Uncertainties 15 2.6 The Plan 16 Review of the Main Points 18 3 Atmospheric Composition 19 3.1 Trace Gases and Their Roles in Climate and the Environment 19 3.2 Quantifying the Atmospheric Composition 22 Review of the Main Points 27 Endnotes 29 4 Mass Balance Theory and Small Models 33 4.1 The Components 33 4.2 Global 35 4.3 Hemispherical and Horizontal 40 4.4 Vertical 43 Review of the Main Points 46 Endnotes 48 5 Transport Processes 51 5.1 Vertical Transport and Convection 51 5.2 Horizontal Motion and the General Circulation 56 5.3 Turbulent Transport 61 5.4 Quantifying Transport Processes 66 Review of the Main Points 69 Endnotes 70 6 Mechanisms of Sources and Sinks 73 6.1 Reservoirs and Source-Sink Relationships 74 6.2 Atmospheric Chemistry 77 6.3 Global Environmental Applications 82 6.4 Cross-Media Transport: Oceans, Soils, and Biota 90 Review of the Main Points 100 Endnotes 102 7 Balance of Climate Gases and Aerosols 107 7.1 Anthropogenic vs Natural Components 107 7.2 Greenhouse Gases 11 7.3 Aerosols 12 Review of the Main Points 126 Endnotes 127 8 The Science of Climate 131 8.1 Solar Radiation 131 8.2 Albedo 135 8.3 Radiative Transfer 137 8.4 Heat Storage and Balance 150 8.5 Precipitation 152 Review of the Main Points 154 Endnotes 156 9 Instructive Climate Models 159 9.1 Base Temperature Model - Lessons, Flaws, and Resolution 159 9.2 Radiative Forcing and Climate Sensitivity 166 9.3 Practical Relationships between Greenhouse Gases and Surface Warming 168 9.4 Role of the Oceans 171 9.5 Role of Clouds 174 9.6 Horizontal Transport of Heat 175 Review of the Main Points 178 Endnotes 180 10 Climate Feedbacks 183 10.1 How They Work 183 10.2 Feedbacks Classified and Delineated 188 10.3 Physical Feedbacks 189 10.4 Role of the Living World 192 Review of the Main Points 197 Endnotes 199 11 Match of Climate Change Observed and Modeled 201 11.1 What Is Global Warming? 201 11.2 Causes of Observed Warming 204 11.3 Differential Effects of Climate Change 207 Review of the Main Points 210 Endnotes 210 12 Population, Affluence, and Global Change 213 12.1 Basic Relationships 213 12.2 Societal Factors in Climate Change 215 12.3 Population Growth and Resources 218 12.4 Vulnerability Theory 222 Review of the Main Points 225 Endnotes 226 13 Impacts of Climate Change on Human Life 229 13.1 Impacts Classified 229 13.2 Health 230 13.3 Habitability 234 Review of the Main Points 239 Endnotes 240 14 Climate Management 243 14.1 Tragedy of the Commons 243 14.2 Compounding Forces of Resistance 248 14.3 Mechanisms for Managing the Climate 249 14.4 Geo-engineering 251 14.5 Trading Gases: The Global Warming Potential 253 Review of the Main Points 255 Endnotes 256 15 Possible Futures 257 15.1 Projections 257 15.2 The Metaphysics of Climate Change 259 Endnote 261 List of Symbols Used 263 Index 267 En ligne : https://application.wiley-vch.de/books/tis/cover/9780470665787.jpg

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Parasitology / Alan Gunn  

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Risk assessment / Georgi Popov  

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The waste crisis / Sahadat Hossain  

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